Water Management-Mediated Changes in the Rhizosphere and Bulk Soil Microbial Communities Alter Their Utilization of Urea-Derived Carbon

Author:

Chen Peng12ORCID,Li Yawei134,Lv Yuping5,Xu Junzeng134ORCID,Zhang Zhongxue6,Liu Xiaoyin34,Luan Yajun34,Wei Qi34,Zheng Ennan7ORCID,Wang Kechun34

Affiliation:

1. The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China

2. College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China

3. College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China

4. Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Soil-Water Efficient Utilization, Carbon Sequestration and Emission Reduction, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China

5. College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

6. School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

7. School of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China

Abstract

As one of the most important fertilizers in agriculture, the fate of urea-derived nitrogen (urea-N) in agricultural ecosystems has been well documented. However, little is known about the function of urea-derived carbon (urea-C) in soil ecosystems, especially which soil microorganisms benefit most from the supply of urea-C and whether the utilization of urea-C by the rhizosphere and bulk soil microorganisms is affected by irrigation regimes. To address this, a soil pot experiment was conducted using 13C-labeled urea to investigate changes in the composition of the rhizosphere and bulk soil microbial communities and differences in the incorporation of urea-derived C into the rhizosphere and bulk soil phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) pool under flooded irrigation (FI) and water-saving irrigation (CI). Our results suggest that the size and structure of the rhizosphere and bulk soil microbial communities were strongly influenced by the irrigation regime. The CI treatment significantly increased the total amount of PLFA in both the rhizosphere and bulk soil compared to the FI treatment, but it only significantly affected the abundance of Gram-positive bacteria (G+) in the bulk soil. In contrast, shifts in the microbial community structure induced by irrigation regimes were more pronounced in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil. Compared to the FI treatment, the CI treatment significantly increased the relative abundances of the G+ and Actinobacteria in the rhizosphere soil (p < 0.05). According to the PLFA-SIP, most of the labeled urea-derived C was incorporated into 16:1ω7c, 16:0 and 18:1ω7c under both treatments. Despite these general trends, the pattern of 13C incorporation into the PLFA pool differed between the treatments. The factor loadings of individual PLFAs suggested that 18:1ω7c, 16:1ω7c and 16:1ω5c were relatively enriched in urea-C in the bulk soil, while 17:1ω8c, i16:0 and 16:0 were relatively enriched in urea-C in the rhizosphere soil under different irrigation regimes. The loadings also confirmed that 10-me16:0, cy17:0 and cy19:0 were relatively enriched in urea-C under the CI treatment, whereas 14:0, a15:0 and 15:0 were relatively enriched in urea-C under the FI treatment. These results are helpful not only in revealing the interception mechanism of urea-C in soil but also in understanding the functions of key microbes in element cycles.

Funder

the National funded postdoctoral program of China

the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province

the National Natural Science Foundation of China

the National Key Research and Development Program

Publisher

MDPI AG

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