Incorporating the Developmental Considerations in a Proposed Forgiveness Education Intervention for Suicidal Adolescents

Author:

Wang Xu Jiahe1ORCID,Huang Shih-Tseng Tina2,Enright Robert D.34

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Whitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA

2. Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan

3. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA

4. International Forgiveness Institute, Madison, WI 53716, USA

Abstract

This paper first explores the risk factors associated with adolescents’ suicidal thoughts, attempts, and behaviors within different developmental domains and in the environment, using the developmental systems theory (DST). The most frequently identified risk factor for suicide, psychological pain, is examined in terms of its nature, expression, and possible cause. This paper criticizes the current empirical research of suicidal adolescents’ interventions on two issues: (1) lack of concern for fundamental issues in lifespan development and (2) inadequate treatment of the emotional needs resulting from the psychological pain in adolescents. Finally, this paper proposes forgiveness education intervention as targeting the emotional needs, particularly psychological pain, for suicidal adolescents.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference69 articles.

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