Nonfamilial VACTERL-H Syndrome in a Dizygotic Twin: Prenatal Ultrasound and Postnatal 3D CT Findings

Abstract

Background: VACTERL association is a widely known congenital malformation that includes vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal, and limb anomalies. Patients with VACTERL and hydrocephalus appear to form a distinct group, both genetically and phenotypically, and their condition has been called VACTERL-H syndrome. Most cases of VACTERL-H have been reported postnatally, as VACTER-H syndrome is difficult to diagnose prenatally. Case Presentation: Here, we report a case of VACTERL-H syndrome in a dichorionic and diamniotic twin diagnosed prenatally by ultrasonography and confirmed postnatally by three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT). A 34-year-old multiparous female was referred to our institution at 31 + 3 weeks gestation for suspected fetal ventriculomegaly. Detailed examinations using two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasounds revealed hydrocephalus, bilateral dysplastic upper arms, radial aplasia, unilateral pulmonary agenesis, dextrocardia with right atrial enlargement, a unilateral hypoplastic ectopic kidney, a single umbilical artery, a tracheoesophageal fistula with a small stomach, polyhydramnios, and anal atresia. Findings from the postnatal 3D CT aligned with the prenatal diagnosis, showing upper-limb agenesis, dextrocardia with pulmonary hypoplasia, tracheoesophageal fistula, imperforate anus, and colon dilatation. The affected 1390-g male twin had an unaffected 1890-g female twin sister and a healthy 6-year-old brother. Conclusions: Upon encountering fetuses with multiple anomalies, including ventriculomegaly, a small stomach with polyhydramnios, an abnormally positioned heart, and upper-limb abnormalities, clinicians should perform systematic ultrasonographic examinations to detect associated anomalies and be aware of VACTERL-H syndrome.