Antimicrobial Activity of Crataegi fructus Extract Used for Potential Application in the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Diseases

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect and cytotoxic potential of the natural Crataegi fructus extract against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), the causative agent of dental caries, which is a typical oral disease, and Candida albicans (C. albicans), which causes oral candidiasis. Materials and Methods: Crataegi fructus was shaken in 70% ethanol for 12 h to obtain samples through enrichment and lyophilization. Then, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/mL of the Crataegi fructus extract were applied to S. mutans and C. albicans to demonstrate its antimicrobial effect after 24 h. The stability of Crataegi fructus extract on the survival rate of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) was confirmed using water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) analysis. A one-way ANOVA determined the difference between each group. A Tukey HSD test was performed as a post-hoc analysis at the 0.05 significance level. Results: Crataegi fructus extract showed antimicrobial effects against S. mutans and C. albicans that increased in a concentration-dependent manner. However, high concentrations affected cell growth and lowered cell survival. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 value) of Crataegi fructus extract showed a survival rate of 53.04% at a concentration of 30 mg/mL, which was found to be applicable. Conclusions: Thus, Crataegi fructus extract may be used as a natural material for the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Crataegi fructus demonstrates optimal antimicrobial effects without affecting cell proliferation and growth at 30 mg/mL concentration.