Proteins in Scalp Hair of Preschool Children

Author:

Rovnaghi Cynthia R.1,Singhal Kratika2,Leib Ryan D.2,Xenochristou Maria3,Aghaeepour Nima3,Chien Allis S.2,Dinakarpandian Deendayal4,Anand Kanwaljeet J. S.15ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Child Wellness Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

2. Stanford University Mass Spectrometry (SUMS) Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

3. Departments of Anesthesiology (Research), Biomedical Data Science & Pediatrics (Neonatology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

4. Department of Medicine (Biomedical Informatics Research), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

5. Departments of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine) and Anesthesiology (by Courtesy), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

Abstract

Background. Early childhood experiences have long-lasting effects on subsequent mental and physical health, education, and employment. The measurement of these effects relies on insensitive behavioral signs, subjective assessments by adult observers, neuroimaging or neurophysiological studies, or retrospective epidemiologic outcomes. Despite intensive research, the underlying mechanisms of these long-term changes in development and health status remain unknown. Methods. We analyzed scalp hair from healthy children and their mothers using an unbiased proteomics platform combining tandem mass spectrometry, ultra-performance liquid chromatography, and collision-induced dissociation to reveal commonly observed hair proteins with a spectral count of 3 or higher. Results. We observed 1368 non-structural hair proteins in children and 1438 non-structural hair proteins in mothers, with 1288 proteins showing individual variability. Mothers showed higher numbers of peptide spectral matches and hair proteins compared to children, with important age-related differences between mothers and children. Age-related differences were also observed in children, with differential protein expression patterns between younger (2 years and below) and older children (3–5 years). We observed greater similarity in hair protein patterns between mothers and their biological children compared with mothers and unrelated children. The top 5% of proteins driving population variability represented biological pathways associated with brain development, immune signaling, and stress response regulation. Conclusions. Non-structural proteins observed in scalp hair include promising biomarkers to investigate the long-term developmental changes and health status associated with early childhood experiences.

Funder

The Maternal and Child Health Research Institute (MCHRI) at Stanford, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development

the National Cancer Institute

National Institute of General Medical Sciences

Publisher

MDPI AG

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