High Glucose Induces Oxidative Stress That Alters Glycocalyx Proteoglycan Levels in Primary Rat Retinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells and in Isolated Ophthalmic Arteries

Author:

Alvarez Ivan A.1ORCID,Lee Minsup2ORCID,Eshaq Randa S.2ORCID,Leskova Wendy2,Harris Norman R.2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA

2. Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA

Abstract

Our purpose in this study was to identify the role played by oxidative stress in the changes to proteoglycans that occur under hyperglycemic conditions, using primary rat retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RRMEC) and cultured ophthalmic arteries. The cells and blood vessels obtained from rats were cultured in normal glucose (5.6 mM) and high glucose (25 mM) with or without N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant. Intracellular oxidative stress was determined by measuring dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence and malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified protein levels. mRNA and protein levels were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot, respectively. High glucose increased levels of glypican-1 mRNA and protein. The level of syndecan-1 mRNA also was increased, but its protein level was decreased, by high glucose. Evaluation of DHE and MDA showed that high glucose increased oxidative stress. These changes caused by high glucose were significantly reversed by NAC treatment. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels, which increased under high glucose conditions, were suppressed by NAC treatment. Oxidative stress caused by hyperglycemia may be responsible for significant changes to the ocular endothelial glycocalyx.

Funder

National Institutes of Health

Medical Student Summer Research Program of the Office of Medical Student Research from Louisiana State University (LSU) Health Shreveport

Publisher

MDPI AG

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