Tissue Lipid Profiles of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Cultivated under Environmental Variables on a Diet Supplemented with Dihydroquercetin and Arabinogalactan

Abstract

Reared rainbow trout are vulnerable to environmental stressors, in particular seasonal water warming, which affects fish welfare and growth and induces a temperature response, which involves modifications in tissue lipid profiles. Dietary supplements of plant origin, including the studied mix of a flavonoid, dihydroquercetin and a polysaccharide, arabinogalactan (25 and 50 mg per 1 kg of feed, respectively), extracted from larch wood waste, were shown to facilitate stress tolerance in fish and also to be beneficial for the safety of natural ecosystems and the sustainability of aquaculture production. This four-month feeding trial aimed to determine the effects of the supplement on liver and muscle lipid accumulation and the composition in rainbow trout reared under environmental variables. During periods of environmental optimum for trout, a consistent increase in energy lipid stores, particularly triacylglycerols (2.18 vs. 1.49-fold over a growing season), and an overall increase in lipid saturation due to lower levels of PUFAs, such as eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) and arachidonic (20:4n-6) acids, were observed in both control and supplement-fed fish, respectively. However, in fish stressed by an increase in ambient temperature, dietary supplementation with dihydroquercetin and arabinogalactan reduced mortality (3.65 in control vs. 2.88% in supplement-fed fish, p < 0.05) and alleviated the high-temperature-induced inhibition of lipid accumulation. It also stabilised the membrane phospholipid ratio and moderated the fatty acid composition of fish muscle and liver, resulting in higher levels of n-3 PUFAs and their precursors. Thus, the natural compounds tested are beneficial in accelerating fish tolerance to environmental stressors, reducing mortality and thermal response, and moderately improving fillet quality attributes by increasing the protein/lipid ratio and the abundance of fatty acids essential for human nutrition.