Electrochemical Surface Modification of Fully Biodegradable Mg-Based Biomaterials as a Sustainable Alternative to Non-Resorbable Bone Implants

Abstract

Given the increasing demand for biocompatible implant materials in regenerative engineering, novel surface modification techniques are essential to enhance tissue integration, durability, and corrosion resistance. This study investigates the application of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), a high-voltage anodic oxidation technique, for the surface modification of magnesium (Mg) implants. The research emphasizes both functionality enhancement and process sustainability, adhering to green chemistry principles. A comprehensive analysis was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical and biological properties of the modified surfaces. The chemical structure of the coatings was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (ASA). Surface morphology and composition were examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while wettability was assessed through contact angle measurements. Additionally, biodegradation and biocorrosion studies were performed to evaluate stability, and cytotoxicity was tested using MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. Results demonstrated that carefully optimized PEO process parameters, combined with appropriate electrolyte compositions, enabled the formation of MgO coatings with significantly enhanced stability, reduced biocorrosion, and improved biocompatibility. These findings indicate the potential of surface-modified magnesium implants for advanced biomedical applications.