Modulatory Properties of Vitamin D in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Focus on Inflammation and Dyslipidemia

Abstract

Background: Evidence from preclinical studies has found a correlation between the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and vitamin D deficiency. However, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) revealed inconclusive results on vitamin D supplementation. We explored the effect of vitamin D on inflammation and dyslipidemia in T2D. Methods: We comprehensively searched for RCTs evaluating the effect of vitamin D in T2D on PubMed. Data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3 and reports, such as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) at a 5% significant level using a random effect model. Results: This study revealed a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) SMD = (−0.51, 95%CI (−0.93, −0.09); p = 0.02), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) SMD = (−1.06, 95%CI (−1.67, −0.45); p < 0.05) in vitamin D compared to placebo. Additionally, interleukin-6 (IL-6) exhibited a marginal effect SMD = (−0.52, 95%CI (−1.05, 0.01), p = 0.05). Furthermore, a significant reduction in the level of triglycerides SMD = (−0.65, 95%CI (−1.11, −0.18), p < 0.05) was observed, concomitant to a significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level SMD = (0.53, 95%CI (0.08, 0.98), p = 0.02). However, no statistically significant changes were observed in total cholesterols SMD = (−0.16, 95%CI (−0.57, 0.24), p = 0.43) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) SMD = (−0.06, 95%CI (−0.37, 0.24), p = 0.67). Conclusions: These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial in ameliorating inflammation and dyslipidemia in T2D patients.