Study of the Process of Electrochemical Oxidation of Active Pharmaceutical Substances on the Example of Nitrofurazone ((2E)-2-[(5-Nitro-2-furyl)methylene]hydrazine Carboxamide)
Author:
Kuznetsov Vitalyi Vladimirovich12, Ivantsova Natalya Andreevna1ORCID, Kuzin Evgenii Nikolaevich1ORCID, Pirogov Andrey Vladimirovich3, Mezhuev Yaroslav Olegovich1, Filatova Elena Alexeevna1, Averina Yulia Michailovna1
Affiliation:
1. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia 2. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia 3. Lomonosov Moscow State University M. V., 119234 Moscow, Russia
Abstract
The effective mineralization of nitrofurazone (10–100 mg L−1) was performed in aqueous solutions in the presence of chloride ions by electrochemical treatment. The destruction of the organic pollutant molecules was due to their interaction with active oxygen- and chlorine-containing species forming at the inert anode (Pt/Ti or BDD) during electrolysis. Measurements of nitrofurazone concentration, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) were used to estimate the removal efficiency of the pollutant. Both the pollutant oxidation rate and the degree of its mineralization were higher for the BDD anode due to the higher anode potentials on it in the course of electrolysis, which provides a high rate of active oxidizer species generation. As a result, practically full nitrofurazone molecule destruction (>99%) was achieved in 30 min at an anodic current density of 0.1 A cm−2, a volume current density of 1.33 A L−1 and pH 2 using BDD anodes. On the other hand, the nitrafurazone degradation efficiency was about 95% for Pt/Ti anodes under the same conditions. Additionally, byproducts of nitrofurazone electrooxidation were investigated by means of liquid chromato-mass-spectrometry (LC/MS). It was found that the initial decolorization of nitrofurazone solution, which occurs during the first 5 min of electrolysis, is due to the formation of a dichloro derivative of nitrofurazone, which causes the destruction of the π−conjugated bond system. Further electrolysis resulted in the almost complete destruction of the dichloro derivative within 30 min of electrochemical treatment.
Funder
Russian Science Foundation
Subject
Water Science and Technology,Aquatic Science,Geography, Planning and Development,Biochemistry
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