Affiliation:
1. MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal
2. MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal
3. BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
4. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
Abstract
The increase in the life expectancy average has led to a growing elderly population, thus leading to a prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by a progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The marine environment has proven to be a source of unique and diverse chemical structures with great therapeutic potential to be used in the treatment of several pathologies, including neurodegenerative impairments. This review is focused on compounds isolated from marine organisms with neuroprotective activities on in vitro and in vivo models based on their chemical structures, taxonomy, neuroprotective effects, and their possible mechanism of action in PD. About 60 compounds isolated from marine bacteria, fungi, mollusk, sea cucumber, seaweed, soft coral, sponge, and starfish with neuroprotective potential on PD therapy are reported. Peptides, alkaloids, quinones, terpenes, polysaccharides, polyphenols, lipids, pigments, and mycotoxins were isolated from those marine organisms. They can act in several PD hallmarks, reducing oxidative stress, preventing mitochondrial dysfunction, α-synuclein aggregation, and blocking inflammatory pathways through the inhibition translocation of NF-kB factor, reduction of human tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). This review gathers the marine natural products that have shown pharmacological activities acting on targets belonging to different intracellular signaling pathways related to PD development, which should be considered for future pre-clinical studies.
Funder
MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre
Associate Laboratory ARNET
BioISI-BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute
FCT
Programme for Cooperation in Science between Portugal and Poland through the project NEURONS-Natural products as key drivers in the development of neuroprotective therapeutic agents
Subject
Drug Discovery,Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous),Pharmaceutical Science
Reference133 articles.
1. (2022, May 18). United Nations—New York World Population Ageing 2019. Available online: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Highlights.pdf.
2. (2022, May 21). WHO Ageing and Health. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health.
3. DNA damage in neurodegenerative diseases;Migliore;Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen.,2015
4. Parkinson disease: From pathology to molecular disease mechanisms;Dextera;Free Radic. Biol. Med.,2013
5. Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: Why is advancing age the biggest risk factor?;Reeve;Ageing Res. Rev.,2014