Investigation of Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and 1H qNMR Spectroscopy as Potential Methods for the Authentication of Baijiu Spirits

Author:

Fitzgerald Neil1ORCID,Edwards John C.2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Marist College, 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601, USA

2. Process NMR Associates, LLC, 84 Patrick Lane, Ste 115, Poughkeepsie, NY 12603, USA

Abstract

The baijiu spirit is often the focus of fraudulent activity due to the widely varying prices of the products. In this work, Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography (SPME GCMS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and 1H qNMR spectroscopy were evaluated as potential methods to authenticate baijiu samples. Data were collected for 30 baijiu samples produced by seven different distilleries. The data from the SPME GCMS and FTIR methods were treated by a Principal Component Analysis to identify clusters that would suggest chemical differences in the products from different distilleries. The results suggest that SPME GCMS has the potential to be a fully portable method for baijiu authentication. FTIR did not appear suitable for authentication but can be used to find the %ABV range of the sample. 1H quantitative NMR (1H qNMR) was utilized to quantify the ethanol concentrations and calculate the observable congener chemistry comprising ester, ethanol, methanol, fusel alcohol, and organic acids. Discrepancies in ethanol content were observed in three samples, and a lack of major congeners in two samples indicates the possible presence of a counterfeit product. Detailed and quantitative congener chemistry is obtainable by NMR and provides a possible fingerprint analysis for the authentication and quality control of baijiu style, producer, and the length of the ageing process.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Food Science

Reference35 articles.

1. (2023, January 06). Baijiu: Is the World’s Best-Selling Liquor Finally Cracking Europe?. Available online: https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2019-09-23/Baijiu-Is-the-world-s-best-selling-liquor-finally-cracking-Europe--JjtKNcTYe4/index.html.

2. (2023, January 06). The Counterfeit Moutai Industry. Available online: https://thechinaproject.com/2022/11/09/the-counterfeit-moutai-industry/.

3. Wang, Y., Liu, J., Xiong, Y., Liu, X., and Wen, X. (2023). Food Fraud Vulnerability Assessment in the Chinese Baijiu Supply Chain. Foods, 12.

4. Burns, R.L., Alexander, R., Snaychuk, L., Edwards, J.C., Fitzgerald, N., Gao, P., Quan, D., Douvris, C., Vaughan, T., and Bussan, D.D. (2021). A Fast, Straightforward and Inexpensive Method for the Authentication of Baijiu Spirit Samples by Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Beverages, 7.

5. Origin Identification of the Sauce-Flavor Chinese Baijiu by Organic Acids, Trace Elements, and the Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio;Zhang;J. Food Qual.,2019

同舟云学术

1.学者识别学者识别

2.学术分析学术分析

3.人才评估人才评估

"同舟云学术"是以全球学者为主线,采集、加工和组织学术论文而形成的新型学术文献查询和分析系统,可以对全球学者进行文献检索和人才价值评估。用户可以通过关注某些学科领域的顶尖人物而持续追踪该领域的学科进展和研究前沿。经过近期的数据扩容,当前同舟云学术共收录了国内外主流学术期刊6万余种,收集的期刊论文及会议论文总量共计约1.5亿篇,并以每天添加12000余篇中外论文的速度递增。我们也可以为用户提供个性化、定制化的学者数据。欢迎来电咨询!咨询电话:010-8811{复制后删除}0370

www.globalauthorid.com

TOP

Copyright © 2019-2024 北京同舟云网络信息技术有限公司
京公网安备11010802033243号  京ICP备18003416号-3