Affiliation:
1. Metabite, Inc., 43 W. 43rd St., Suite 101, New York, NY 10036, USA
2. School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
Abstract
‘Bulletproof Coffee’, a popular beverage composed of coffee, grass-fed butter, and medium-chain triglyceride oil, has gained significant attention for its purported benefits including cognitive enhancement, increased alertness and energy, appetite suppression, and improved metabolic outcomes. However, the scientific evidence supporting these claims remains limited. This review aims to evaluate the evidence and determine the validity of claims regarding Bulletproof Coffee. Studies published between 2010–2023 were retrieved and evidence pertaining to cognition, alertness and energy, hunger and satiety, serum cholesterol, and gastrointestinal tolerance and Bulletproof Coffee were evaluated. The findings suggest that the current evidence base is small, and overall, there is weak or insufficient evidence to support the claimed benefits of Bulletproof Coffee. In particular, there were no significant improvements in cognition, alertness, or energy levels from Bulletproof Coffee compared to regular coffee. The impact on hunger, satiety, resting energy expenditure, and fat oxidation appeared equivocal, with effects offset by the additional calorie intake of Bulletproof Coffee. Further research with more rigorous study designs, larger sample sizes, diverse populations, and standardized methodologies are required in addition to an examination of potential health risks associated with regular Bulletproof Coffee consumption.