Exploring Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.): A Comprehensive Assessment of Its Characteristics, Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemical Aspects, and Pharmacological Activities
Author:
Dahmani Widad1, Elaouni Nabia1, Abousalim Abdelhadi2, Akissi Zachée Louis Evariste3, Legssyer Abdelkhaleq1, Ziyyat Abderrahim1ORCID, Sahpaz Sevser3ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnologies, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, Oujda 60000, Morocco 2. Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Horticultural and Local Products Unit, Plant Production, Protection and Biotechnology Department, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, 6202 Rabat-Instituts, Rabat 10112, Morocco 3. Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro INRAE, University of Lille, University of Liège, UPJV, JUNIA, University of Artois, ULCO, 5900 Lille, France
Abstract
The carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is currently considered one of the most valuable fruit and forest trees in various fields and sectors of activity. It is a versatile plant, belonging to the Fabaceae family. It is widely used in traditional medicine to treat many diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and gastrointestinal disorders, given that all its parts (leaves, flowers, pods, seeds, wood, bark, and roots) are useful and hold value in many areas. Its importance has increased significantly in recent years. Originating from the Middle East, it is recognized for its ecological and industrial significance. Previous studies conducted on Ceratonia siliqua L. have revealed the presence of several compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates, minerals, and proteins. The carob tree demonstrates antihypertensive, antidepressant, anti-obesity, and antihyperglycemic activities. This plant is known for its medicinal and therapeutic virtues. Moreover, it is particularly interesting to consider the pharmacological activities of the major phytochemical compounds present in the different extracts of this plant, such as phenolic acids, for example, coumaric and gallic acids, as well as flavonoids such as kaempferol and quercetin. Therefore, this review aims to analyze some aspects of this plant, especially the taxonomy, cytogeography, traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of Ceratonia siliqua L., in addition to its biological properties.
Subject
Plant Science,Ecology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
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