Ultrasonographic Signs of Cytomegalovirus Infection in the Fetus—A Systematic Review of the Literature

Author:

Rybak-Krzyszkowska Magda12ORCID,Górecka Joanna1,Huras Hubert1,Staśkiewicz Magdalena1,Kondracka Adrianna3,Staniczek Jakub4ORCID,Górczewski Wojciech5,Borowski Dariusz6,Grzesiak Mariusz78ORCID,Krzeszowski Waldemar79,Massalska-Wolska Magdalena10ORCID,Jaczyńska Renata11ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, University Hospital, 30-551 Krakow, Poland

2. Hi-Gen Centrum Medyczne, 30-552 Krakow, Poland

3. Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland

4. Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland

5. Obstetrics and Gynecology Ward, Independent Public Healthcare Institution in Bochnia, The Blessed Marta Wiecka District Hospital, 32-700 Bochnia, Poland

6. Provincial Combined Hospital in Kielce, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 25-736 Kielce, Poland

7. Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital-Research Institute in Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland

8. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland

9. Salve Medica, 91-210 Lodz, Poland

10. Clinical Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Gynecology, University Hospital, 30-551 Krakow, Poland

11. Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland

Abstract

Background: congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection during pregnancy is a significant risk factor for fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. CMV detection is based on the traditional ultrasound (US) and MRI (magnetic resonance) approach. Methods: the present review used the PRISMA protocol for identification of studies associated with CMV infection and sonographic analysis. Various search terms were created using keywords which were used to identify references from Medline, Pubmed, PsycInfo, Scopus and Web of Science. Results: sonographic analysis of the cCMV infection identified several of the key features associated with fetuses. The presence of abnormal patterns of periventricular echogenicity, ventriculomegaly and intraparenchymal calcifications is indicative of CMV infection in the fetus. Hyperechogenic bowels were seen frequently. These results correlate well with MRI data, especially when targeted transvaginal fetal neurosonography was carried out. Conclusions: ultrasonography is a reliable indicator of fetal anomalies, due to cCMV. Fetal brain and organ changes are conclusive indications of infection, but many of the ultrasonographic signs of fetal abnormality could be due to any viral infections; thus, further research is needed to demarcate CMV infection from others, based on the ultrasonographic approach. CMV infection should always be an indication for targeted fetal neurosonography, optimally by the transvaginal approach.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Clinical Biochemistry

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