Casting Light on Early Heart Failure: Unveiling the Prognostic Potential of the E/(e′ × s′) Index

Abstract

It has been shown that patients with NYHA class I and II have a high morbidity and mortality burden. We investigated the value of a new tissue Doppler index, E/(e′ × s′), to predict cardiac events in the long-term follow-up of patients at an early stage of heart failure (HF). Sequential echocardiography was conducted on a consecutive cohort of 212 hospitalized HF patients, pre-discharged and with three-month follow-up. The primary end point consisted of cardiac death or readmission due to HF worsening. During follow-up, cardiac events occurred in 99 patients (46.7%). The first cardiac event was represented by cardiac death in 8 patients (3.8%) and readmission for HF in 91 patients (42.9%). A Kaplan–Meier analysis did not show a significantly different event-free survival rate between patients with NYHA class I and II. The composite end point was significantly higher in patients with an E/(e′ × s′) >1.6. The E/(e′ × s′) at discharge was the best independent predictor of cardiac events. Those exhibiting an E/(e′ × s′) > 1.6 at discharge, with a subsequent deterioration after three months, displayed the poorest prognosis concerning cardiac events, HF-related rehospitalization, and cardiac mortality (all p < 0.05). In early-stage HF patients, an E/(e′ × s′) > 1.6 emerged as a robust predictor of clinical outcomes, especially when coupled with a deterioration in condition.