Dynamics of Cognitive Impairment in MCI Patients over a Three-Year Period: The Informative Role of Blood Biomarkers, Neuroimaging, and Genetic Factors

Abstract

Given the high growth rates of cognitive decline among the elderly population and the lack of effective etiological treatments, early diagnosis of cognitive impairment progression is an imperative task for modern science and medicine. It is of particular interest to identify predictors of an unfavorable subsequent course of cognitive disorders, specifically, rapid progression. Our study assessed the informative role of various risk factors on the dynamics of cognitive impairment among mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. The study included patients with MCI (N = 338) who underwent neuropsychological assessment, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination, blood sampling for general and biochemical analysis, APOE genotyping, and polygenic risk score (PRS) evaluation. The APOE ε4/ε4 genotype was found to be associated with a diminished overall cognitive scores initial assessment and negative cognitive dynamics. No associations were found between cognitive changes and the PRS. The progression of cognitive impairment was associated with the width of the third ventricle and hematological parameters, specifically, hematocrit and erythrocyte levels. The absence of significant associations between the dynamics of cognitive decline and PRS over three years can be attributed to the provided suitable medical care for the prevention of cognitive impairment. Adding other risk factors and their inclusion in panels assessing the risk of progression of cognitive impairment should be considered.