Secondary IgA Nephropathy and IgA-Associated Nephropathy: A Systematic Review of Case Reports

Author:

Tota Maciej1ORCID,Baron Vanessa12ORCID,Musial Katie1,Derrough Bouchra1ORCID,Konieczny Andrzej3ORCID,Krajewska Magdalena3ORCID,Turkmen Kultigin4ORCID,Kusztal Mariusz3ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland

2. Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-435 Wrocław, Poland

3. Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland

4. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey

Abstract

Primary (pIgAN), secondary IgA nephropathy (sIgAN), and IgA-associated nephropathy can be distinguished. While pIgAN has been thoroughly studied, information about the etiology of sIgAN remains scarce. As concerns sIgAN, several studies suggest that different etiologic factors play a role and ultimately lead to a pathophysiologic process similar to that of pIgAN. In this article, we review a vast number of cases in order to determine the novel putative underlying diseases of sIgAN. Moreover, updates on the common pathophysiology of primary disorders and sIgAN are presented. We identified liver, gastrointestinal, oncological, dermatological, autoimmune, and respiratory diseases, as well as infectious, iatrogenic, and environmental factors, as triggers of sIgAN. As novel biological therapies for listed underlying diseases emerge, we suggest implementing drug-induced sIgAN as a new significant category. Clinicians should acknowledge the possibility of sIgAN progression in patients treated with TNF-α inhibitors, IL-12/IL-23-inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, CTLA-4, oral anticoagulants, thioureylene derivatives, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs.

Funder

Wroclaw Medical University

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Medicine

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