Macadamia Nut Bio-Waste: An Agricultural Waste with Potential to Be Used as Carbon Support Material in Fuel Cell Applications

Abstract

Nutrient resources account for an enormous quantity of the world’s waste materials. According to recent research, nuts and their byproducts are good for a variety of applications and are important natural resources for nutrition. Waste and nut residues in the environment could cause environmental problems. A critical issue is how this waste is employed in various applications. Nuts contain important chemicals that could be used to build catalytic nanomaterials. A variety of heterogeneous catalysts can be created directly from different parts of nuts, such as the shell, kernel, extracts, and so on, or they can be used as nanoparticle stabilizing and reducing agents. Nuts and their wastes can be particularly essential in evolution reactions, oxidation reactions, hydrolysis, pollutant degradation, and so on due to their extraordinary chemical properties. Natural substances such as biopolymers, zeolites, diatomites, agricultural wastes (such as rice husk, bagasse pith, coconut shell, and so on), and nut wastes are used to make inexpensive catalysts. This review focuses on the industrial benefits and future applications of these commercially feasible green resources to change, for the first time, the production of nanomaterials from nuts as environmentally friendly resources and their catalytic applications.