Landscape Features Impact the Spatial Heterogeneity of Visitation Density within a Comprehensive Park: What Are the Seasonal and Diurnal Variations?

Author:

Peng Yulin1,Gan Dexin2,Cai Zhengwu3,Xiao Mingxi4,Shu Di2,Wu Can2,Yu Xiaoying15,Li Xiaoma2

Affiliation:

1. College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

2. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Landscape Ecology and Planning & Design in Regular Higher Educational Institutions, College of Landscape Architecture and Art Design, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

3. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China

4. Shaoyang Municipal Forestry Bureau, Shaoyang 422000, China

5. Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410128, China

Abstract

Urban parks are the main place for physical activities, generating numerous benefits to enhance human well-being. Many studies have investigated the impacts of landscape features on park visitation but ignored their seasonal and diurnal variations. Taking the Hunan Martyr Park in China as an example, this study aims to assess the seasonal and diurnal variations in the impacts of landscape features on visitation density. We quantified visitation density for 109 activity zones for both daytime and nighttime in summer and winter and investigated the impacts of landscape features of the activity zone and the surrounding environments on visitation density based on 16 quantitative indicators. The results show that: (1) The impacts of ground condition, connection to water, distance to park entrances, and distance to stores were consistent in different periods. Paved activity zones, zones close to water, zones further away from the park entrances, and zones closer to the stores had significantly higher visitation density. (2) Shading degree, connected pathway, and distance to toilets had contrasting impacts between summer and winter. Zones with a higher shading degree attracted more visitors in summer and deterred visitors in winter. Zones with fewer pathways connected and zones farther away from toilets had higher visitation density in summer but not in winter. (3) Shading degree, number of trees, presence of facilities (e.g., benches, tables, pavilion, and light devices), and connected pathway had contrasting impacts between daytime and nighttime. Zones with a high shading degree, zones with benches and pavilions, and zones without trees had higher visitation density in the daytime. Zones with light devices, zones with more connected pathways, and zones without tables had higher visitation density at nighttime. These findings highlighted the seasonal and diurnal variation of the impacts of landscape features on park visitation and can help to improve urban park design, especially for cities with hot summers and cold winters.

Funder

Forestry Bureau for Industrialization management of Hunan Province

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Forestry

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