Gender Differences in Oxidative Stress in Relation to Cancer Susceptibility and Survival

Author:

Allegra Alessandro1ORCID,Caserta Santino1ORCID,Genovese Sara2ORCID,Pioggia Giovanni2ORCID,Gangemi Sebastiano3

Affiliation:

1. Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy

2. Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy

3. Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy

Abstract

Genetic, developmental, biochemical, and environmental variables interact intricately to produce sex differences. The significance of sex differences in cancer susceptibility is being clarified by numerous studies. Epidemiological research and cancer registries have revealed over the past few years that there are definite sex variations in cancer incidence, progression, and survival. However, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction also have a significant impact on the response to treatment of neoplastic diseases. Young women may be more protected from cancer than men because most of the proteins implicated in the regulation of redox state and mitochondrial function are under the control of sexual hormones. In this review, we describe how sexual hormones control the activity of antioxidant enzymes and mitochondria, as well as how they affect several neoplastic diseases. The molecular pathways that underlie the gender-related discrepancies in cancer that have been identified may be better understood, which may lead to more effective precision medicine and vital information on treatment options for both males and females with neoplastic illnesses.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Cell Biology,Clinical Biochemistry,Molecular Biology,Biochemistry,Physiology

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