Assessment and Review of Heavy Metals Pollution in Sediments of the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract

The impact of marine sediment pollution is crucial for the health of the seas, particularly in densely populated coastal areas worldwide. This study assesses the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in the marine sediments of the main regions of the Mediterranean Sea. The results underscore high concentrations of mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu), whereas chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), and vanadium (V) exhibit moderate values. To assess the heavy metal results, sediment quality guidelines and pollution indices (Igeo and Geochemical Signal Type-GST) were employed, revealing a consistent trend of decreasing concentrations from the coastal zone to the open sea. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) emphasizes the significant roles of Cu, Zn, Ba, and Cr in sediment chemistry. The study suggests that the distribution patterns of heavy metals are linked to wastewater discharges in coastal areas, requiring effective management strategies to ensure the health of the Mediterranean Sea.