Insights into the Transcriptome of Human Cytomegalovirus: A Comprehensive Review

Author:

Zeng Janine1,Cao Di2,Yang Shaomin2ORCID,Jaijyan Dabbu Kumar1,Liu Xiaolian3,Wu Songbin2,Cruz-Cosme Ruth4,Tang Qiyi4ORCID,Zhu Hua1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA

2. Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China

3. Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China

4. Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA

Abstract

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that poses significant risks to immunocompromised individuals. Its genome spans over 230 kbp and potentially encodes over 200 open-reading frames. The HCMV transcriptome consists of various types of RNAs, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), with emerging insights into their biological functions. HCMV mRNAs are involved in crucial viral processes, such as viral replication, transcription, and translation regulation, as well as immune modulation and other effects on host cells. Additionally, four lncRNAs (RNA1.2, RNA2.7, RNA4.9, and RNA5.0) have been identified in HCMV, which play important roles in lytic replication like bypassing acute antiviral responses, promoting cell movement and viral spread, and maintaining HCMV latency. CircRNAs have gained attention for their important and diverse biological functions, including association with different diseases, acting as microRNA sponges, regulating parental gene expression, and serving as translation templates. Remarkably, HCMV encodes miRNAs which play critical roles in silencing human genes and other functions. This review gives an overview of human cytomegalovirus and current research on the HCMV transcriptome during lytic and latent infection.

Funder

National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health

NIH/NIAID

Science and Technology Major Project of Shenzhen Nanshan District Health System

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Virology,Infectious Diseases

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