Sarcopenia and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Targeting the Muscle–Brain Axis

Author:

Arosio Beatrice1ORCID,Calvani Riccardo23ORCID,Ferri Evelyn4,Coelho-Junior Hélio José3ORCID,Carandina Angelica1ORCID,Campanelli Federica5,Ghiglieri Veronica26ORCID,Marzetti Emanuele23ORCID,Picca Anna27ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy

2. Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy

3. Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy

4. Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy

5. Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy

6. San Raffaele University, 00168 Rome, Italy

7. Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, 70100 Casamassima, Italy

Abstract

Declines in physical performance and cognition are commonly observed in older adults. The geroscience paradigm posits that a set of processes and pathways shared among age-associated conditions may also serve as a molecular explanation for the complex pathophysiology of physical frailty, sarcopenia, and cognitive decline. Mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, metabolic alterations, declines in cellular stemness, and altered intracellular signaling have been observed in muscle aging. Neurological factors have also been included among the determinants of sarcopenia. Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are synapses bridging nervous and skeletal muscle systems with a relevant role in age-related musculoskeletal derangement. Patterns of circulating metabolic and neurotrophic factors have been associated with physical frailty and sarcopenia. These factors are mostly related to disarrangements in protein-to-energy conversion as well as reduced calorie and protein intake to sustain muscle mass. A link between sarcopenia and cognitive decline in older adults has also been described with a possible role for muscle-derived mediators (i.e., myokines) in mediating muscle–brain crosstalk. Herein, we discuss the main molecular mechanisms and factors involved in the muscle–brain axis and their possible implication in cognitive decline in older adults. An overview of current behavioral strategies that allegedly act on the muscle–brain axis is also provided.

Funder

Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore

Centro Studi Achille e Linda Lorenzon

Italian Ministry of Health

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Food Science,Nutrition and Dietetics

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