The Effect of Chlorhexidine Disinfectant Gels with Anti-Discoloration Systems on Color and Mechanical Properties of PMMA Resin for Dental Applications

Abstract

Chlorhexidine (CHX)-based dental hygiene products are widely used by dental patients. As these products may have long-term contact with denture poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resin, anti-discoloration systems (ADSs) were included in them to prevent discoloration of the natural teeth and dental materials. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two newly designed CHX-containing gels with ADSs and two commercial products with ADSs (Curasept 0.5% and Curasept 1%) in preventing staining and to analyze the mechanical properties of heat-curing PMMA denture base resin. Materials and methods: Twenty-five discs (five for each test group) of PMMA dental resin with a thickness of 1 mm and a diameter of 20 mm were polymerized according to the manufacturer’s instructions and stored in distillate water at a temperature of 37 °C. The surface of the specimens was covered with two commercially available gels—Curasept 1% and Curasept 0.5%, or two experimental gel formulations containing 1% CHX. PMMA specimens stored in distilled water were used as control. The initial values of color and Brinell hardness of the specimens were measured immediately after specimen preparation. The changes in color and Brinell hardness, as well as water sorption, and solubility of the specimens were measured after one year of conditioning. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc tests. Results: In the group of specimens covered with gel 1 with citric acid or Curasept 0.5%, the color change was clinically acceptable (ΔE* < 2.7). In the specimens stored in contact with gel 2 with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Curasept 1%, the ΔE* values were 3.6 and 3.67, respectively. In the control group, the level of hardness decreased significantly from 150 to 140 during the experiment. In addition, a statistically significant decrease in hardness was observed in specimens stored with Curasept 1% and gel 2 with PVP. Specimens stored in contact with Curasept 0.5% and gel 1 with citric acid also showed a lower hardness, but the change was not statistically significant. The sorption of all the groups of PMMA specimens ranged from 22.83 to 24.47 µg/mm3, with no significant differences found between them. All the PMMA specimens stored in contact with the tested CHX gels exhibited a significantly higher solubility (6.84 ± 7.91 µg/mm3) compared to the control group (6.74 µg/mm3), with the highest solubility noted for specimens stored with Curasept 1%. Conclusions: The results showed that CHX used in the gel form with ADSs at a concentration of 0.5% and the experimental gel containing 1% CHX with citric acid caused limited changes to the color and mechanical properties of the PMMA denture base resin during the study period. These gels may be safely used by dental patients for oral hygiene regimen even for prolonged periods of time. ADSs contained in these gels seem to be effective in preventing CHX discoloration.