Biochar Application Reduces Saline–Alkali Stress by Improving Soil Functions and Regulating the Diversity and Abundance of Soil Bacterial Community in Highly Saline–Alkali Paddy Field

Abstract

Saline–alkali soils seriously restrict the soil functions and the growth and diversity of soil microorganisms. Biochar can alleviate the negative effects of saline–alkali stress. However, it remains unclear how biochar reduces saline–alkali stress by improving soil functions and regulating the abundance and diversity of the soil bacterial community in highly saline–alkali paddy fields. To address this, a paddy field experiment was conducted in a highly saline–alkali paddy field using two nitrogen application levels (0 and 225 kg ha−1) and four biochar application rates (0, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% biochar, w/w). The results show that, compared with C0, biochar application, especially when combined with N fertilizer, significantly decreased the soil pH, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), saturated paste extract (ECe), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) while significantly increasing cation exchange capacity (CEC). These indicated that biochar can effectively reduce saline–alkali stress. Biochar application significantly increased soil content of total nitrogen (TN), alkali-hydrolysable N (AN), available P (AP), available K (AK), soil organic matter (SOM), and soil C/N ratio, both with or without N fertilization. Furthermore, biochar application further increased the relative abundance of bacterial communities and modified the bacterial community structure in highly saline–alkali paddy soils. Under C3N2, C2N2, and C1N2, Chao1 increased by 10.90%, 10.42%, and 1.60% compared to C0N2. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi were the top three phyla in bacterial abundance. Biochar significantly increased the abundance of Proteobacteria while reducing Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi, regardless of N fertilization. Correlation analysis results showed that the improvements in soil chemical and saline–alkali properties, as well as nutrient bioavailability after biochar application, had a positive effect on bacterial communities in highly saline–alkali paddy soils.