Affiliation:
1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
2. School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
Abstract
Human–Machine Interaction (HMI) systems are integral to various domains and rely on human operators for effective performance. The sense of agency (SoA) is crucial in these systems, as it influences the operator’s concentration and overall efficiency. This review explores the SoA in HMI systems, analyzing its definition, key influencing factors, and methods for enhancement. We provide a comprehensive examination of SoA-related research and suggest strategies for measuring and improving the SoA. Two key research directions are highlighted: the impact of user experience on the SoA, and the role of the SoA in enabling unconscious communication between humans and machines. We propose a development route for HMI systems, outlining a progressive structure across three stages: machine-centric, human-centric, and human–machine integration. Finally, we discuss the potential of gaming platforms as tools for advancing SoA research in HMI systems. Our findings aim to enhance the design and functionality of HMI systems, ensuring improved operator engagement and system performance.
Funder
National Research Foundations of South Afric
Foundation of Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department
Kunming University Foundation
Reference157 articles.
1. MABA-MABA or abracadabra? Progress on human–automation co-ordination;Dekker;Cogn. Technol. Work.,2002
2. Bütepage, J., and Kragic, D. (2017). Human-robot collaboration: From psychology to social robotics. arXiv.
3. The out-of-the-loop performance problem and level of control in automation;Endsley;Hum. Factors,1995
4. Out-of-the-loop performance problems and the use of intermediate levels of automation for improved control system functioning and safety;Kaber;Process. Saf. Prog.,1997
5. Ibrahim, M.A., Assaad, Z., and Williams, E. (2022). Trust and communication in human-machine teaming. Front. Phys., 10.