Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin Binds to and Kills Primary Human Lymphocytes

Author:

Shetty Samantha V.1,Mazzucco Michael R.1,Winokur Paige2,Haigh Sylvia V.1,Rumah Kareem Rashid3ORCID,Fischetti Vincent A.3,Vartanian Timothy1,Linden Jennifer R.1

Affiliation:

1. Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA

2. Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuro-Endocrinology Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA

3. Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA

Abstract

Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX) is the third most lethal bacterial toxin and has been suggested to be an environmental trigger of multiple sclerosis, an immune-mediated disease of the human central nervous system. However, ETX cytotoxicity on primary human cells has not been investigated. In this article, we demonstrate that ETX preferentially binds to and kills human lymphocytes expressing increased levels of the myelin and lymphocyte protein MAL. Using flow cytometry, ETX binding was determined to be time and dose dependent and was highest for CD4+ cells, followed by CD8+ and then CD19+ cells. Similar results were seen with ETX-induced cytotoxicity. To determine if ETX preference for CD4+ cells was related to MAL expression, MAL gene expression was determined by RT-qPCR. CD4+ cells had the highest amount of Mal gene expression followed by CD8+ and CD19+ cells. These data indicate that primary human cells are susceptible to ETX and support the hypothesis that MAL is a main receptor for ETX. Interestingly, ETX bindings to human lymphocytes suggest that ETX may influence immune response in multiple sclerosis.

Funder

NMSS

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Toxicology

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