The Role of Female Reproductive Hormones in the Association between Migraine and Breast Cancer: An Unanswered Question

Author:

Tiberio Paola1ORCID,Viganò Alessandro2,Ilieva Mariya Boyanova13,Pindilli Sebastiano3,Bianchi Anna2,Zambelli Alberto13ORCID,Santoro Armando13ORCID,De Sanctis Rita13ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy

2. Neurology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy

3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Milan, Italy

Abstract

Accumulating epidemiological studies have investigated a possible interconnection between migraine (Mi) and breast cancer (BC) because of the strong link between these diseases and female reproductive hormones. This review aims to consolidate findings from epidemiological studies and explore biologically plausible hypothetical mechanisms related to hormonal pathways. Current evidence suggests a protective role of Mi in BC development, particularly in case–control studies but not in cohort ones. The inconsistency among studies may be due to several reasons, including diagnostic criteria for Mi and the age gap between the development of these two diseases. Furthermore, recent research has challenged the concept of a net beneficial effect of Mi on BC, suggesting a more complex relationship between the two conditions. Many polymorphisms/mutations in hormone-related pathways are involved in at least one of the two conditions. The most promising evidence has emerged for a specific alteration in the estrogen receptor 1 gene (rs2228480). However, the possible specific mutation or polymorphism involved in this association has not yet been identified. Further studies with robust methodologies are needed to validate the protective role of Mi in BC and fully elucidate the precise nature of this causal relationship.

Funder

IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,Medicine (miscellaneous)

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