Novel Expression of Thymine Dimers in Renal Cell Carcinoma, Demonstrated through Immunohistochemistry

Abstract

Despite significant developments in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) detection and molecular pathology, mortality has been steadily rising. Advanced RCC remains an incurable disease. Better clinical management tools, i.e., RCC biomarkers, have yet to emerge. Thymine-dimers (TDs) were traditionally considered photo-dependent pre-mutagenic lesions, occurring exclusively during ultra-violet light exposure. Non-oxidative, direct, and preferential byproducts of DNA photochemical reactions, TDs, have recently shown evidence regarding UVR-independent formation. In this study, we investigate, for the first time, TD expression within RCC tumor tissue and tumor-adjacent healthy renal parenchyma using a TD-targeted IHC monoclonal antibody, clone KTM53. Remarkably, out of the 54 RCCs evaluated, 77.8% showed nuclear TD-expression in RCC tumor tissue and 37% in the tumor-adjacent healthy renal parenchyma. A comprehensive report regarding quantitative/qualitative TD-targeted immunostaining was elaborated. Two main distribution models for TD expression within RCC tumor tissue were identified. Statistical analysis showed significant yet moderate correlations regarding TD-positivity in RCC tissue/tumor-adjacent healthy renal parenchyma and TNM stage at diagnosis/lymphatic dissemination, respectively, indicating possible prognostic relevance. We review possible explanations for UVR-independent TD formation and molecular implications regarding RCC carcinogenesis. Further rigorous molecular analysis is required in order to fully comprehend/validate the biological significance of this newly documented TD expression in RCC.