Affiliation:
1. Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
2. Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global health problem and has recently been recognized as a risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Unfortunately, there are no effective treatments to reduce or prevent AKI, which results in high morbidity and mortality rates. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has emerged as a promising strategy to prevent, to the extent possible, renal tissue from AKI. Several studies have used this strategy, which involves short or long cycles of ischemia/reperfusion (IR) prior to a potential fatal ischemic injury. In most of these studies, IPC was effective at reducing renal damage. Since the first study that showed renoprotection due to IPC, several studies have focused on finding the best strategy to activate correctly and efficiently reparative mechanisms, generating different modalities with promising results. In addition, the studies performing remote IPC, by inducing an ischemic process in distant tissues before a renal IR, are also addressed. Here, we review in detail existing studies on IPC strategies for AKI pathophysiology and the proposed triggering mechanisms that have a positive impact on renal function and structure in animal models of AKI and in humans, as well as the prospects and challenges for its clinical application.
Funder
Mexican Council of Science and Technology
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM/PAPIIT
Aliados Estratégicos en Salud y Nutrición
Subject
Inorganic Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Computer Science Applications,Spectroscopy,Molecular Biology,General Medicine,Catalysis