Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Review

Abstract

Bone fragility is a complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that has been identified in recent decades. Trabecular bone score (TBS) appears to be more accurate than bone mineral density (BMD) in diabetic bone disease, particularly in menopausal women with T2DM, to independently capture the fracture risk. Our purpose was to provide the most recent overview on TBS-associated clinical data in T2DM. The core of this narrative review is based on original studies (PubMed-indexed journals, full-length, English articles). The sample-based analysis (n = 11, N = 4653) confirmed the use of TBS in T2DM particularly in females (females/males ratio of 1.9), with ages varying between 35 and 91 (mean 65.34) years. With concern to the study design, apart from the transversal studies, two others were prospective, while another two were case-control. These early-post-pandemic data included studies of various sample sizes, such as: males and females (N of 245, 361, 511, and 2294), only women (N of 80, 96, 104, 243, 493, and 887), and only men (N = 169). Overall, this 21-month study on published data confirmed the prior profile of BMD-TBS in T2DM, while the issue of whether checking the fracture risk is mandatory in adults with uncontrolled T2DM remains to be proven or whether, on the other hand, a reduced TBS might function as a surrogate marker of complicated/uncontrolled T2DM. The interventional approach with bisphosphonates for treating T2DM-associated osteoporosis remains a standard one (n = 2). One control study on 4 mg zoledronic acid showed after 1 year a statistically significant increase of lumbar BMD in both diabetic and non-diabetic groups (+3.6%, p = 0.01 and +6.2%, p = 0.01, respectively). Further studies will pinpoint additive benefits on glucose status of anti-osteoporotic drugs or will confirm if certain glucose-lowering regimes are supplementarily beneficial for fracture risk reduction. The novelty of this literature research: these insights showed once again that the patients with T2DM often have a lower TBS than those without diabetes or with normal glucose levels. Therefore, the decline in TBS may reflect an early stage of bone health impairment in T2DM. The novelty of the TBS as a handy, non-invasive method that proved to be an index of bone microarchitecture confirms its practicality as an easily applicable tool for assessing bone fragility in T2DM.