Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in Humans: Clinical Implications and Management
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Published:2024-01-15
Issue:1
Volume:13
Page:76
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ISSN:2076-0817
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Container-title:Pathogens
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Pathogens
Author:
Kaushik Ashlesha123ORCID, Kest Helen4ORCID, Sood Mangla5ORCID, Steussy Bryan6, Thieman Corey7, Gupta Sandeep8
Affiliation:
1. Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, St. Luke’s Regional Medical Center, Unity Point Health, 2720 Stone Park Blvd, Sioux City, IA 51104, USA 2. Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA 3. Master of Science, Healthcare Quality and Safety, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 4. Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, St. Joseph’s Children’s Hospital, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA 5. Department of Pediatrics, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla 171006, India 6. Division of Microbiology, St. Luke’s Regional Medical Center, Unity Point Health, 2720 Stone Park Blvd, Sioux City, IA 51104, USA 7. Division of Pharmacology, St. Luke’s Regional Medical Center, Unity Point Health, 2720 Stone Park Blvd, Sioux City, IA 51104, USA 8. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, St. Luke’s Regional Medical Center, Unity Point Health, 2720 Stone Park Blvd, Sioux City, IA 51104, USA
Abstract
Since its initial description in the 1960s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has developed multiple mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance and evading the immune system, including biofilm production. MRSA is now a widespread pathogen, causing a spectrum of infections ranging from superficial skin issues to severe conditions like osteoarticular infections and endocarditis, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Biofilm production is a key aspect of MRSA’s ability to invade, spread, and resist antimicrobial treatments. Environmental factors, such as suboptimal antibiotics, pH, temperature, and tissue oxygen levels, enhance biofilm formation. Biofilms are intricate bacterial structures with dense organisms embedded in polysaccharides, promoting their resilience. The process involves stages of attachment, expansion, maturation, and eventually disassembly or dispersion. MRSA’s biofilm formation has a complex molecular foundation, involving genes like icaADBC, fnbA, fnbB, clfA, clfB, atl, agr, sarA, sarZ, sigB, sarX, psm, icaR, and srtA. Recognizing pivotal genes for biofilm formation has led to potential therapeutic strategies targeting elemental and enzymatic properties to combat MRSA biofilms. This review provides a practical approach for healthcare practitioners, addressing biofilm pathogenesis, disease spectrum, and management guidelines, including advances in treatment. Effective management involves appropriate antimicrobial therapy, surgical interventions, foreign body removal, and robust infection control practices to curtail spread within healthcare environments.
Subject
Infectious Diseases,Microbiology (medical),General Immunology and Microbiology,Molecular Biology,Immunology and Allergy
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