Genetic Diversity of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus for a Global Scenario: A Comprehensive Review

Author:

Sankar Muthu1ORCID,Kumar Binod2ORCID,Manjunathachar Haranahally Vasanthachar3ORCID,Parthasarathi Balasamudram Chandrasekhar4ORCID,Nandi Abhijit5,Neethu Chemmangat Kunnath Subramanian1,Nagar Gaurav1,Ghosh Srikant16ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India

2. Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Kishanganj 855107, India

3. Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Department of Health Research, Govt. of India, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India

4. Livestock Research Station, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Palamaner 517408, India

5. Department of Veterinary Parasitology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India

6. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37, Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, India

Abstract

Rhipicephalus microplus poses a substantial threat to livestock health and agricultural economies worldwide. Its remarkable adaptability to diverse environments and hosts is a testament to its extensive genetic diversity. This review delves into the genetic diversity of R. microplus, employing three pivotal genetic markers: the cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) gene, ribosomal genes, and microsatellites. The COX1 gene, a crucial tool for genetic characterization and phylogenetic clustering, provides insights into the adaptability of ticks. Ribosomal genes, such as internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and2) as well as 18S and 28S, are routinely utilized for species differentiation. However, their use is limited due to indels (insertions and deletions). Microsatellites and minisatellites, known for their high polymorphism, have been successfully employed to study populations and genetic diversity across various tick species. Despite their effectiveness, challenges such as null alleles and marker variations warrant careful consideration. Bm86, a well-studied vaccine candidate, exhibits substantial genetic diversity. This diversity directly influences vaccine efficacy, posing challenges for developing a universally effective Bm86-based vaccine. Moreover, the review emphasizes the prevalence of genes associated with synthetic pyrethroid resistance. Identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms in the acaricide-resistant genes of R. microplus has facilitated the development of molecular markers for detecting and monitoring resistance against synthetic pyrethroids. However, mutations in sodium channels, the target site for synthetic pyrethroid, correlate well with the resistance status of R. microplus, which is not the case with other acaricide target genes. This study underscores the importance of understanding genetic diversity in developing effective tick management strategies. The choice of genetic marker should be tailored based on the level of taxonomic resolution and the group of ticks under investigation. A holistic approach combining multiple markers and integrating additional molecular and morphological data may offer a more comprehensive understanding of tick diversity and relationships. This research has far-reaching implications in formulating breeding programs and the development of vaccine against ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) as well as strategies for the management of resistant ticks.

Funder

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in New Delhi, India

Publisher

MDPI AG

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