Abstract
Background: Phenotypic differences in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) among locals (Emiratis) and Expatriates (Expats) living in United Arab Emirates have not been described and could be important to unravel local aspects of clinical heterogenicity of PD pointing towards genetic and epigenetic variations. Objective: To investigate the range and nature of motor and nonmotor clinical presentations of PD and its impact on time to diagnosis, local service provisions, and quality of life in Emiratis and Expats in UAE, as well as address the presence of current unmet needs on relation to care and etiopathogenesis of PD related to possible genetic and epigenetic factors. Methods: a cross-sectional one point in time prospective, observational real-life study of 171 patients recruited from PD and Neurology clinics across United Arab Emirates from 2019–2021. Primary outcomes were sociodemographic data, motor and nonmotor symptoms (NMS), including cognition and sleep, and quality of life (QOL) assessments, Results: A total of 171 PD patients (52 Emiratis 119 Expats) were included with mean age (Emiratis 48.5 (13.1) Expats 64.15 (13.1)) and mean disease duration (Emiratis 4.8 (3.2) Expats 6.1 (2.9)). In the Emiratis, there was a significant mean delay in initiating treatment after diagnosis (Emiratis 1.2 (0.9) Expats 1.6 (1.1)), while from a clinical phenotyping aspect, there is a high percentage of akinesia 25 (48.1) or tremor dominant (22 (42.3)) phenotypes as opposed to mixed subtype 67 (56.3) in Expat cohorts; double tremor dominant, especially Emirati females (25%), had a predominant lower limb onset PD. Both Emirati (27.9 (24.0)) and Expat 29.4 (15.6) showed moderate NMS burden and the NMS profile is dominated by Sleep, Fatigue, Mood, Emotional well-being 3.0 (1.1) and Social Stigma 3.5 (0.9) aspects of PDQ8 SI measurements are predicted worse QOL in Emiratis, while lack of social support 2.3 (1.3) impaired QOL in Expat population. Awareness for advanced therapies was low and only 25% of Emiratis were aware of deep brain surgery (DBS), compared to 69% Expats. Only 2% of Emiratis, compared to 32% of Expats, heard of Apomorphine infusion (CSAI), and no (0%) Emiratis were aware of intrajejunal levodopa infusion (IJLI), compared to 13% of expats. Conclusion: Our pilot data suggest clinical phenotypic differences in presentation of PD in Emiratis population of UAE compared to expats. Worryingly, the data also show delayed treatment initiation, as well as widespread lack of knowledge of advanced therapies in the Emirati population.