Integrated Study of Canine Mammary Tumors Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry, and Cytogenetic Findings

Author:

Ferreira Tiago1234ORCID,Miranda Maria1,Pinto-Leite Rosário56,Mano João F.4ORCID,Medeiros Rui378910ORCID,Oliveira Paula A.12ORCID,Gama Adelina1112

Affiliation:

1. Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal

2. Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal

3. Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

4. Department of Chemistry, CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

5. Laboratory of Genetics and Andrology, Hospital Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, E.P.E., 5000-508 Vila Real, Portugal

6. Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

7. Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

8. ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal

9. Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal

10. Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), 4200-172 Porto, Portugal

11. Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal

12. Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal

Abstract

Cancer is a complex pathological condition associated with substantial rates of mortality and morbidity in both humans and animals. Mammary gland tumors in intact female dogs are the most prevalent neoplasms. Surgical intervention remains the primary treatment choice. Alternative therapeutic options have emerged, with histopathological examination being fundamental to confirm the diagnosis and to decide the best therapy. This research focused on the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic aspects of canine mammary tumors (CMTs). Most of the animals were mixed-breed, with the majority being older than seven years, and only 16.7% had been spayed before surgery. Caudal abdominal and inguinal mammary glands were the most affected, with regional mastectomy being the predominant treatment (75.0%). Of all the tumors, 29.1% were benign, while 70.9% were malignant. Complex adenoma was the most common benign tumor, whereas tubulopapillary carcinoma was the most common malignant type. Grade III tumors (17.6%) were the least encountered, while grades I and II exhibited a similar prevalence (41.2%). All the carcinomas were classified as luminal, and cytogenetics analysis demonstrated a high chromosomal instability with significant aneuploidy observed in all cases and polyploidy detected in 62.5%. This study holds significance as canine and human breast cancers share similar characteristics, suggesting that dogs could be a valuable model for human breast cancer research. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to enhance our understanding of CMTs.

Funder

FCT–Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology

doctoral grant

Project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials

FCT/MEC

Publisher

MDPI AG

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