Synergistic Immunosuppression of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J and Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Is Responsible for Enhanced Pathogenicity

Abstract

In recent years, superinfections of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) have been frequently observed in nature, which has led to the increasing virulence in infected chickens. However, the reason for the enhanced pathogenicity has remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrated an effective candidate model for studying the outcome of superinfections with ALV-J and IBDV in cells and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. Through in vitro experiments, we found that ALV-J and IBDV can establish the superinfection models and synergistically promote the expression of IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, and IFN-γ in DF-1 and CEF cells. In vivo, the weight loss, survival rate, and histopathological observations showed that more severe pathogenicity was present in the superinfected chickens. In addition, we found that superinfections of ALV-J and IBDV synergistically increased the viral replication of the two viruses and inflammatory mediator secretions in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, by measuring the immune organ indexes and blood proportions of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8α+ cells, our results showed that the more severe instances of immunosuppression were observed in the superinfected chickens. In the present study, we concluded that the more severe immunosuppression induced by the synergistic viral replication of ALV-J and IBDV is responsible for the enhanced pathogenicity.