Biopolymers for Tissue Engineering: Crosslinking, Printing Techniques, and Applications
Author:
Patrocinio David1ORCID, Galván-Chacón Victor1ORCID, Gómez-Blanco J. Carlos1ORCID, Miguel Sonia P.23ORCID, Loureiro Jorge2ORCID, Ribeiro Maximiano P.23ORCID, Coutinho Paula23ORCID, Pagador J. Blas14ORCID, Sanchez-Margallo Francisco M.456ORCID
Affiliation:
1. CCMIJU, Bioengineering and Health Technologies, Jesus Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, 10071 Cáceres, Spain 2. CPIRN-IPG, Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal 3. CICS-UBI, Health Science Research Center, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal 4. CIBER CV, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red—Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain 5. Scientific Direction, Jesus Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, 10071 Cáceres, Spain 6. TERAV/ISCIII, Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (RICORS, RD21/0017/0029), 28029 Madrid, Spain
Abstract
Currently, tissue engineering has been dedicated to the development of 3D structures through bioprinting techniques that aim to obtain personalized, dynamic, and complex hydrogel 3D structures. Among the different materials used for the fabrication of such structures, proteins and polysaccharides are the main biological compounds (biopolymers) selected for the bioink formulation. These biomaterials obtained from natural sources are commonly compatible with tissues and cells (biocompatibility), friendly with biological digestion processes (biodegradability), and provide specific macromolecular structural and mechanical properties (biomimicry). However, the rheological behaviors of these natural-based bioinks constitute the main challenge of the cell-laden printing process (bioprinting). For this reason, bioprinting usually requires chemical modifications and/or inter-macromolecular crosslinking. In this sense, a comprehensive analysis describing these biopolymers (natural proteins and polysaccharides)-based bioinks, their modifications, and their stimuli-responsive nature is performed. This manuscript is organized into three sections: (1) tissue engineering application, (2) crosslinking, and (3) bioprinting techniques, analyzing the current challenges and strengths of biopolymers in bioprinting. In conclusion, all hydrogels try to resemble extracellular matrix properties for bioprinted structures while maintaining good printability and stability during the printing process.
Funder
European Union/ERDF, ESF, European Regional Development Fund ERDF under the Interreg V-A Spain-Portugal Instituto de Salud Carlos III European Union, NextGenerationEU, Plan de Recuperación Transformación y Resiliencia
Subject
Polymers and Plastics,Organic Chemistry,Biomaterials,Bioengineering
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