Advanced Hydrogel-Based Strategies for Enhanced Bone and Cartilage Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review
Author:
De Leon-Oliva Diego12, Boaru Diego Liviu12, Perez-Exposito Roque Emilio13, Fraile-Martinez Oscar12ORCID, García-Montero Cielo12ORCID, Diaz Raul24ORCID, Bujan Julia12ORCID, García-Honduvilla Natalio12ORCID, Lopez-Gonzalez Laura124, Álvarez-Mon Melchor125ORCID, Saz Jose V.26, de la Torre Basilio234, Ortega Miguel A.12ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain 2. Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain 3. Service of Traumatology of University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain 4. Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain 5. Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain 6. Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
Abstract
Bone and cartilage tissue play multiple roles in the organism, including kinematic support, protection of organs, and hematopoiesis. Bone and, above all, cartilaginous tissues present an inherently limited capacity for self-regeneration. The increasing prevalence of disorders affecting these crucial tissues, such as bone fractures, bone metastases, osteoporosis, or osteoarthritis, underscores the urgent imperative to investigate therapeutic strategies capable of effectively addressing the challenges associated with their degeneration and damage. In this context, the emerging field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) has made important contributions through the development of advanced hydrogels. These crosslinked three-dimensional networks can retain substantial amounts of water, thus mimicking the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Hydrogels exhibit exceptional biocompatibility, customizable mechanical properties, and the ability to encapsulate bioactive molecules and cells. In addition, they can be meticulously tailored to the specific needs of each patient, providing a promising alternative to conventional surgical procedures and reducing the risk of subsequent adverse reactions. However, some issues need to be addressed, such as lack of mechanical strength, inconsistent properties, and low-cell viability. This review describes the structure and regeneration of bone and cartilage tissue. Then, we present an overview of hydrogels, including their classification, synthesis, and biomedical applications. Following this, we review the most relevant and recent advanced hydrogels in TERM for bone and cartilage tissue regeneration.
Subject
Polymers and Plastics,Organic Chemistry,Biomaterials,Bioengineering
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