Associations of Perchlorate, Nitrate, and Thiocyanate with Bone Mineral Density in the US General Population: A Multi-Cycle Study of NHANES 2011–2018

Author:

Wang Donglan1,Zhang Ying1,He Yayu1,Song Fengmei1,Tang Yan1,Chen Limou1,Wang Yangcan1,Yang Fei12ORCID,Yao Xueqiong13ORCID

Affiliation:

1. School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China

2. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China

3. Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China

Abstract

Background: Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are widely recognized as endocrine disrupting chemicals, which are closely related to thyroid function. Animal and human studies show a correlation between thyroid hormone and bone mineral density (BMD). However, it remains unknown whether perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate were associated with BMD. This study aimed to explore the association between perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposure with BMD. Method: A cross-sectional analysis among 5607 participants from the 2011–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was conducted in the present study. Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate were detected in urine by ion chromatography. Survey-weighted generalized linear regression, restricted cubic splines, and qgcomp models were used to assess the association of BMDs with single and mixed perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposures. In addition, age, gender, and BMI stratified these associations. Results: Negative associations were found between perchlorate and nitrate with BMDs. Furthermore, based on the qgcomp model results, the combined association of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposure was negatively associated with BMDs (β = −0.017, 95% CI: −0.041, −0.024 for total BMD; β = −0.017, 95% CI: −0.029, −0.005 for lumbar BMD). Additionally, there was a significant effect after gender, age, and BMI stratification between perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate with BMDs in the normal weight group (β = −0.015, 95% CI: −0.020, −0.011 for total BMD; β = −0.022, 95% CI: −0.028, −0.016 for lumbar BMD) and children and adolescents group (β = −0.025, 95% CI: −0.031, −0.019 for total BMD; β −0.017, 95% CI: −0.029, −0.005 for lumbar BMD). Conclusions: The present study indicated a negative correlation between BMDs and urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate levels, with nitrate being the main contributor to the mixture effect. People with normal weight and children and adolescents were more likely to be affected.

Funder

Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province, China

Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province

Publisher

MDPI AG

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