Chronotype Differences and Symptom Network Dynamics of Post-Pandemic Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults

Author:

Windal Maxime12ORCID,Roland Aurore23ORCID,Laeremans Marise4,Briganti Giovanni567,Kornreich Charles68,Mairesse Olivier2389ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Faculty of Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

2. Brain, Body and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

3. Brussels University Consultation Center, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

4. Independent Researcher, 2980 Zoersel, Belgium

5. Chair of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Medicine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium

6. Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et Addictologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

7. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium

8. Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, 1020 Brussels, Belgium

9. Vital Signs and PERformance Monitoring (VIPER), LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Abstract

Background: Social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in altered sleep patterns and mental health challenges, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Our objective was to examine the potential difference in insomnia prevalence and sleep patterns in this population between the first COVID-19 lockdown and the post-lockdown period, with a focus on chronotype. Additionally, we explored the network of sleep-related differences between these two periods. Methods: A total of 946 respondents participated in our online questionnaire. We performed mixed ANOVA, Ising network and Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) analyses. Results: Respondents reported going to bed earlier, waking up earlier, sleeping less, and feeling less mentally tired than during the lockdown. The severity of insomnia symptoms did not change. The lethargic chronotype reported more insomnia symptoms, depressive feelings, and agitation than others. Mental fatigue was the central symptom in the Ising network and served as the parent node in the DAG. Conclusions: Post-lockdown, adolescents and young adults have shifted to earlier sleep and wake times with reduced overall sleep, and they experience fewer depressive feelings and less agitation, though insomnia symptoms remain unchanged. Participants who reported increased irritability or poorer sleep quality during confinement also reported similar or diminished attentional capacities compared to their usual levels.

Funder

Brugmann Foundation

Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek

Publisher

MDPI AG

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