Potential Dietary and Therapeutic Strategies Involving Indole-3-Carbinole in Preclinical Models of Intestinal Inflammation

Abstract

Diet–microbiota interactions are emerging as important contributors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), characterized by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factor regulates xenobiotic metabolism and is activated by exogenous ligands, including indole-3-carbinole (I3C), which is found in cruciferous vegetables. However, studies investigating the impact of dietary I3C and AhR in preclinical models resembling human IBD are lacking. Mice (WT or AhR KO in IECs, 6–8 weeks) or SAMP/YitFC and AKR/J control (4 weeks, m/f) were fed an AhR ligand-depleted or I3C (200 ppm)-supplemented diet. There were increased levels of LPS and exacerbated inflammation, resulting in increased mortality in AhRΔIEC mice fed the AhR ligand-depleted diet in response to chronic DSS. The mechanisms underlying the protective effects of I3C supplementation during colonic colitis involved amelioration of intestinal inflammation and restoration of the altered gut microbiota, particularly the families of clostridicae and lachnospriaceae. Furthermore, the AhR-depleted diet led to the emergence of pathobiont Parvibacter caecicola in WT mice. SAMP/YitFc mice with spontaneous ileitis showed significant recovery in epithelial abnormalities when fed dietary I3C. These data demonstrate the critical role of AhR and the mechanisms of dietary I3C in maintaining epithelial homeostasis and ameliorating inflammation.