Affiliation:
1. Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 45f, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
2. Department of General and Minimally Invasive Surgery, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-045 Olsztyn, Poland
3. Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the study was twofold: (1) the qualitative adaptation of the 2018 WCRF/AICR (QAd-WCRF/AICR) score, and (2) the assessment of the association between the level of compliance with the WCRF/AICR recommendations and the occurrence of breast cancer in peri- and postmenopausal women. Methods: This case–control study involved 420 women, aged 40–79 years, from northeastern Poland, including 190 newly diagnosed breast cancer cases. Data related to the WCRF/AICR recommendations were collected in face-to-face interviews with 409 women, including 179 women with breast cancer. The frequency of food consumption data were collected using the FFQ-6® and KomPAN® questionnaires. Body weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. The QAd-WCRF/AICR score (range: 0–8 points) was calculated on the basis of eight components, including two components from to the WCRF/AICR recommendations: (1) body mass index (BMI), and (2) waist circumference, with six components expressed qualitatively: (3) overall physical activity, as well as the frequency of the consumption of (4) vegetables/fruits/whole grains/nuts/seeds/legumes, (5) highly processed foods, including fast foods/sweets/instant soups, (6) red/processed meat, (7) sweetened/energy drinks, and (8) alcohol. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the occurrence of breast cancer. Results: The moderate (4–5 points) and maximal (6–8 points) compliance with the qualitative adaptation of the WRCF/AICR recommendations reduced the odds of breast cancer by 54% and 72%, respectively, compared to the results noted for minimal compliance (≤3 points). Lower odds of breast cancer were associated with moderate or high physical activity, consumption of a minimum of four serving per day of vegetables/fruits/whole grains/nuts/seeds/legumes, and limiting the consumption of highly processed food/fast foods and red/processed meat to a maximum of 1–3 times/month. Higher odds of breast cancer were associated with a higher waist circumference and alcohol abstinence. Conclusions: These findings may prove useful in establishing cancer prevention recommendations based on simple suggestions regarding the frequency of food consumption.
Funder
Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education
Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
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