The Predictive and Prognostic Role of RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK Pathway Alterations in Breast Cancer: Revision of the Literature and Comparison with the Analysis of Cancer Genomic Datasets

Abstract

Although gene alterations of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway are uncommon in breast cancer, this pathway is frequently activated in breast tumors, implying its role in tumor progression. We describe, after a revision of the literature, the frequency and types of gene alterations affecting this pathway in breast cancer by analyzing some public datasets from cBioPortal. Moreover, we consider their prognostic and predictive impact on treatment response, along with the role of transcriptomic predictors of RAS pathway activation. Our analysis shows that the driver alterations in RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway-related genes are detected in 11% of primary breast cancers. The most frequently mutated genes are NF1 and KRAS, while copy number alterations mainly affect KRAS and BRAF, especially in basal-like tumors. The subgroup of patients carrying these alterations shows a worse prognosis; alterations in NF1 and RAF1 are associated with significantly reduced breast-cancer-specific survival in multivariate analysis. The literature review shows that the pathway is implicated, either by genetic or epigenetic alterations or by signaling network adaptations, in the mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to a wide range of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer. A thorough understanding of these alterations is critical for developing combination therapies that can delay or overcome drug resistance.