Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiotherapy: Unraveling Dose Enhancement and Apoptotic Responses in Cancer and Normal Cell Lines

Abstract

Cervical cancer remains a pressing global health concern, necessitating advanced therapeutic strategies. Radiotherapy, a fundamental treatment modality, has faced challenges such as targeted dose deposition and radiation exposure to healthy tissues, limiting optimal outcomes. To address these hurdles, nanomaterials, specifically gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), have emerged as a promising avenue. This study delves into the realm of cervical cancer radiotherapy through the meticulous exploration of AuNPs’ impact. Utilizing ex vivo experiments involving cell lines, this research dissected intricate radiobiological interactions. Detailed scrutiny of cell survival curves, dose enhancement factors (DEFs), and apoptosis in both cancer and normal cervical cells revealed profound insights. The outcomes showcased the substantial enhancement of radiation responses in cancer cells following AuNP treatment, resulting in heightened cell death and apoptotic levels. Significantly, the most pronounced effects were observed 24 h post-irradiation, emphasizing the pivotal role of timing in AuNPs’ efficacy. Importantly, AuNPs exhibited targeted precision, selectively impacting cancer cells while preserving normal cells. This study illuminates the potential of AuNPs as potent radiosensitizers in cervical cancer therapy, offering a tailored and efficient approach. Through meticulous ex vivo experimentation, this research expands our comprehension of the complex dynamics between AuNPs and cells, laying the foundation for their optimized clinical utilization.