Affiliation:
1. Canada Research Chair for Cardiovascular Obesity Research and Management (A.M.S.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8L 2X2
2. Institut Pasteur de Lille (B.S.), Département d’Athérosclérose, F-59019 Lille, France
3. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U545 (B.S.), F-509019 Lille, France
4. Université de Lille 2 (B.S.), F-59006 Lille, France
Abstract
Abstract
Context: Adipose tissue is a metabolically dynamic organ, serving as a buffer to control fatty acid flux and a regulator of endocrine function. In obese subjects, and those with type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome, adipose tissue function is altered (i.e. adipocytes display morphological differences alongside aberrant endocrine and metabolic function and low-grade inflammation).
Evidence Acquisition: Articles on the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in adipose tissue of healthy individuals and those with obesity, metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes were sourced using MEDLINE (1990–2006).
Evidence Synthesis: Articles were assessed to provide a comprehensive overview of how PPARγ-activating ligands improve adipose tissue function, and how this links to improvements in insulin resistance and the progression to type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.
Conclusions: PPARγ is highly expressed in adipose tissue, where its activation with thiazolidinediones alters fat topography and adipocyte phenotype and up-regulates genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and triglyceride storage. Furthermore, PPARγ activation is associated with potentially beneficial effects on the expression and secretion of a range of factors, including adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, TNFα, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and angiotensinogen, as well as a reduction in plasma nonesterified fatty acid supply. The effects of PPARγ also extend to macrophages, where they suppress production of inflammatory mediators. As such, PPARγ activation appears to have a beneficial effect on the relationship between the macrophage and adipocyte that is distorted in obesity. Thus, PPARγ-activating ligands improve adipose tissue function and may have a role in preventing progression of insulin resistance to diabetes and endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis.
Subject
Biochemistry, medical,Clinical Biochemistry,Endocrinology,Biochemistry,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Cited by
405 articles.
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