Defective Visceral Adipose Tissue Adaptation in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Abstract Context Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a complex obstetric condition affecting localized glucose metabolism, resulting in systemic metabolic dysfunction. Objective This cross-sectional study aimed to explore visceral adipose tissue (VAT) as an integral contributor to GDM, focusing on elucidating the specific contribution of obesity and GDM pathology to maternal outcomes. Methods Fifty-six nulliparous pregnant women were recruited, including normal glucose tolerant (NGT) (n = 30) and GDM (n = 26) participants. Participants were subgrouped as nonobese (BMI <30 kg/m2) or obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Metabolic markers in circulation, VAT, and placenta were determined. Morphological analysis of VAT and immunoblotting of the insulin signaling cascade were performed. Results GDM participants demonstrated hyperinsulinemia and elevated homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores relative to NGT participants. The GDM-obese subgroup had significant VAT adipocyte hypoplasia relative to NGT-nonobese tissue. GDM-obese VAT had significantly lower insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 expression, with elevated ser312 phosphorylation of IRS-1, relative to NGT-nonobese. GDM-obese participants had significantly elevated circulating leptin levels and placental adipsin secretion, while GDM-nonobese participants had elevated circulating adipsin levels with reduced placental adiponectin secretion. Conclusion These findings suggest that GDM-obese pregnancy is specifically characterized by inadequate VAT remodeling and dysfunctional molecular signaling, which contribute to insulin resistance and hinder metabolic health.