17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-lyase Deficiency (17-OHD): A Meta-analysis of Reported Cases

Abstract

Abstract Purpose Homozygous pathogenic variants in the CYP17A1 gene result in defective activity of the steroidogenic enzymes 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase resulting in the clinical syndrome 17-OHD characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, and disorders of sexual development. Pathogenic variants of CYP17A1 lead to complete or partial loss of enzymatic activity and clinical presentations of varying severity. This study aimed to examine relationships between CYP17A1 genotype and clinical presentation in a global cohort. Methods We searched PubMed and Scopus for case reports and cohort studies reporting clinical data on patients with 17-OHD published between 1988 and 2022. Of 451 studies, 178 met inclusion criteria comprising a total of 465 patients. We pooled patient data and examined associations between causative variants and their clinical presentations. Results There were 465 unique patients with a mean age of 18.9 (9.0) years, 52.5% (n = 244) were XY and 6.4% (n = 29) were phenotypically male. Homozygous variants were seen in 48.0% (n = 223) of patients. Common clinical presentations were hypertension (57.0%, n = 256), hypokalemia (45.4% n = 211), primary amenorrhea (38.3%, n = 178), cryptorchidism (15.3%, n = 71), and atypical genitalia (14.2%, n = 66). Frequently occurring variants included p.Y329Kfs (n = 86), p.D487_F489del (n = 44), and p.W406R (n = 39). More severe variants, such as p.Y329Kfs, were associated with hypocortisolism (P < .05), combined hypokalemia and hypertension (P < .01), and disordered sexual development (P < .01). Main conclusion 17-OHD is a rare, frequently misdiagnosed disease. Male patients are typically diagnosed earlier because of genital dysplasia associated with less severe variants, whereas female patients are typically diagnosed later from primary amenorrhea and hypertension. Patients presenting with disordered sexual development and hypertension should be investigated for 17-OHD.