Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Lysosomal Cell Death Through Reactive Oxygen Species in Rat Liver Cell Clone 9

Abstract

ABSTRACTIn sepsis, bacterial components, particularly lipopolysaccharide (LPS), trigger organ injuries such as liver dysfunction. Although sepsis induces hepatocyte damage, the mechanisms underlying sepsis‐related hepatic failure remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the LPS‐treated rat hepatocyte cell line Clone 9 not only induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis but also increased the expression of the autophagy marker proteins LC3‐II and p62, and decreased the expression of intact Lamp2A, a lysosomal membrane protein. Additionally, LPS increased lysosomal membrane permeability and galectin‐3 puncta formation, and promoted lysosomal alkalization in Clone 9 cells. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase‐8 and cathepsin D (CTSD) suppressed the activation of caspase‐3 and rescued the viability of LPS‐treated Clone 9 cells. Furthermore, LPS induced CTSD release associated with lysosomal leakage and contributed to caspase‐8 activation. Pretreatment with the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) not only diminished ROS generation and increased the cell survival rate, but also decreased the expression of activated caspase‐8 and caspase‐3 and increased the protein level of Lamp2A in LPS‐treated Clone 9 cells. These results demonstrate that LPS‐induced ROS causes lysosomal membrane permeabilization and lysosomal cell death, which may play a crucial role in hepatic failure in sepsis. Our results may facilitate the development of new strategies for sepsis management.