Affiliation:
1. Department of Urology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer Guangzhou China
2. Department of Urology Shenzhen People’s Hospital The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
3. Department of Urology The Second Clinical College of Jinan University Shenzhen China
4. Department of Radiology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer Guangzhou China
5. Department of Medical Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer Guangzhou China
6. Department of Urology First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
7. Institute of Precision Medicine First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundPenile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a human papillomavirus (HPV)‐associated malignancy. Immunotherapy is emerging as a potential treatment for advanced PSCC. In this study, the authors analyzed the association of HPV status with outcomes and the immune microenvironment in patients with advanced PSCC undergoing programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) inhibitor–based combination therapy (PCT).MethodsHPV status was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 87 patients with advanced PSCC treated with PCT. Objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) in the HPV+ and HPV– groups were compared. Additionally, bulk RNA sequencing was performed to investigate the potential impact of HPV on the immune microenvironment in advanced PSCC.ResultsAmong patients receiving first‐line PCT, ORR (91.7% vs. 64.6%, p = .014) and DCR (100.0% vs. 79.2%, p = .025) in the HPV+ group were higher compared to the HPV– group. Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrated that the HPV+ group exhibited superior PFS (p = .005) and OS (p = .004) for patients in the first‐line setting. However, these advantages of HPV infection were not observed in multi‐line PCT (p > .050). HPV status remained an independent prognostic factor for predicting better ORR (p = .024), PFS (p = .002), and OS (p = .020) in the multivariate analyses. Landmark analyses showed that the HPV‐induced superiority of PFS occurred at an early stage (within 3 months) and OS occurred at a relatively late stage (within 9 months). Bioinformatic analyses identified potential immune‐activated genes (GLDC, CYP4F12, etc.) and pathways (RAGE, PI3K/AKT, etc.), antitumor immune cell subtypes, and lower tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion scores in HPV+ tissues.ConclusionsHPV infection may confer treatment efficacy and survival benefits in patients with advanced PSCC receiving first‐line PCT because of the possible stimulation of the antitumor immune microenvironment.Plain Language Summary
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may induce better objective response rate, progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) for advanced penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) patients receiving first‐line programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitor–based combination therapy (PCT) instead of multi‐line PCT.
HPV infection‐induced PFS advantage occurs at an early stage (within 3 months) whereas OS superiority occurs at a relatively late stage (within 9 months).
Antitumor immune microenvironment could be stimulated by HPV infection in advanced PSCC tissues.